The World Assembly,

Aiming to promote fundamental legal principles across member nations,

Insisting that individuals possess a fundamental right to liberty and protection from arbitrary deprivation thereof,

Reaffirming that individuals should not be prosecuted unless they have violated criminal law, as it was promulgated at the time of the offence,

Recognizing that having legal standards that are publicly accessible and clear is crucial to ensuring fairness, predictability, and the rule of law,

Worried that unpublished laws lead to arbitrary and inconsistent legal enforcement,

Mandates:

a. "Recognized source of law" is defined, for the purposes of this resolution, as any source of law, judicial precedent, or executive policy which possesses legal authority to establish criminal liability,

b. Each member nation shall ensure that all recognized sources of law for that member nation are publicly promulgated and accessible to all whom they may apply to, whether directly by that member nation itself or indirectly by some organisations or individuals,

c. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment, unless authorized by a recognized source of law promulgated in accordance with the prior clause,

d. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment for any act that was not unlawful at the time the act occurred,

e. Member nations shall ensure that no individual within their jurisdiction may be subjected to criminal punishment for any act in excess of that applicable at the time of the act

f. Member nations must provide a mechanism to allow individuals to seek judicial or equivalent lawful review of convictions or penalties purportedly imposed against this resolution's prohibitions,

g. When such review deems convictions or penalties have been imposed in violation of this resolution, member nations shall ensure appropriate legal remedy is provided and that convictions which were made not in compliance with this resolution are to be nullified,

h. Nothing in this resolution shall provide legal protection to individuals who claim ignorance of the law if the relevant law was publicly promulgated at the time of the act.

The World Assembly,

Recognizing the importance of the electromagnetic spectrum in global communication, enabling modern wonders from cell phones to accurate weather forecasting to the internet, and

Cognizant of the fact that, despite these wondrous technologies stemming from spectrum use, the physics underpinning spectrum do not care for trivial political matters like "national borders," and that the international community failing to coordinate their spectrum use may jeopardize the advantages of the technology for all, and

Nervously sweating about the prospect of tackling this subject for thousands of nations with competing interests worldwide, therefore enacts as follows:

1. For the purposes of this resolution:

   1. "Spectrum" shall refer to the range of electromagnetic frequencies capable of being used for the transmission of information without physical connection between the points of transmission and reception;

   2. "Band" shall refer to any continuous portion of the spectrum defined by an upper and lower boundary;

   3. "Allocation" shall refer to the designation of a band for one or more classes of use, establishing the purposes for which the band may be used;

   4. "Assignment" shall refer to an authorization granted by a member to a particular user to operate within an allocated band, consistent with the allocation governing that band;

   5. "Harmful interference" shall refer to the degradation, obstruction, or repeated interruption of another use of the spectrum to a significant degree.

2. The Spectrum Policy and Allocations Network (SPAN) is established as the World Assembly body responsible for coordinating the use of spectrum among members. SPAN shall be bound by the following duties and responsibilities:

   1. SPAN shall establish and maintain a table of allocations designating appropriate use for each band, and revise it as technological and operational circumstances require;

   2. To members that lack the technical capacity to coordinate their assignments, SPAN shall provide reasonable technical assistance upon request, and when coordinating access to unassigned spectrum bands shall give due consideration to these members;

   3. Upon member request, SPAN shall attempt to voluntarily coordinate with non-members whose spectrum use interacts with that of members, or otherwise assist members in managing use adjacent to uncoordinated jurisdictions.

   4. SPAN shall not have the power to compel any member into action or inaction unless actively provided for by the World Assembly.

3. There shall exist a register of assignments, which shall be operated and maintained by SPAN and made available to all members. This register shall operate as follows:

   1. Before bringing into use an assignment that may cause harmful interference to another member, a member shall coordinate that assignment with affected members and record it in the register;

   2. Recorded assignments are protected against harmful interference from other members in the order in which they are recorded;

   3. A member whose spectrum use causes undue harmful interference to an earlier protected assignment shall forfeit the protections this resolution grants to their own assignments;

   4. Upon becoming aware of an event or emergent condition posing a credible risk of harmful interference to another member, a member must notify SPAN and any potentially affected members as soon as reasonably practicable;

   5. Disputes as to harmful interference or protected standing shall be adjudicated by SPAN;

   6. SPAN may reclaim the protected standing of assignments which are unused or held in excess of demonstrated need.

4. SPAN shall establish autonomous groups to coordinate assignments among members whose use of spectrum interacts, which shall operate as follows:

   1. Members are placed into groups on the basis of the interaction of their spectrum use, and the composition of these groups shall be adjusted as those interactions change;

   2. Each group shall coordinate assignments among its members and may make coordination refinements applicable within the group, with due consideration to the individual needs and wants of the group's members, the provisions provided by this resolution, and SPAN's table of allocations;

   3. Matters affecting members of more than one group, or unresolved within a group, shall be adjudicated by SPAN;

   4. Members may be members of multiple groups if multiple cover their spectrum needs.

The General Assembly,

Recognizing the need for international cooperation in outer space, as the shared fabric of the universe that binds all known life, a medium which is becoming increasingly reachable for developing life,

Motivated by a desire to cooperate on preserving access to, and promoting research of, this medium, through international partnership,

Pursuing collaboration on space research and exploration under the framework of national sovereignty, respecting the internal affairs of member nations while promoting cooperation that will prove beneficial to the World Assembly at large,

Hereby defines as follows:

1. Outer Space: The all-encompassing expanse of vacuum in between celestial objects, including but not limited to stars, planetary bodies, and nebulae.

2. Spacecraft: A flight-capable vehicle operated within outer space by a civilization.

3. Civilian Spacecraft: A spacecraft that is owned or operated for non-military use.

Hereby enacts as follows:

1. The Space Transport and Astronomical Research (STAR) Administration is hereby established with the following directives:

   1. Promoting international research and understanding of outer space, in the interest of uninvasive international cooperation and for the benefit of member nations.

   2. Publishing credible research findings regarding aeronautical travel and outer space phenomena, in cases where such research benefits the international community.

   3. Promoting technology sharing, with consent of any involved parties, to expedite safe, sustainable space travel in developing member nations.

   4. Collaborating with member nations and any further programs established by the General Assembly as needed to minimize internationally relevant risks deriving from spacefaring operations.

2. Member nations are encouraged to follow any applicable guidelines established by the STAR Administration on the topic of inspecting civilian spacecraft, for the purposes of verifying operational, mechanical, and structural soundness, for the purposes of reducing casualties.

   1. Member nations are encouraged to ensure that their spacecraft can last for the whole mission that they will be used for.

   2. Member nations are encouraged to ensure that their spacecraft undergo extensive structural tests and extensive mechanical tests for the purposes of preventing fuel and chemical leakages, as well as averting other dangerous issues that may arise.

3. Member nations, when operating in shared terrestrial orbits, are highly encouraged to coordinate with the STAR Administration to the extent needed to avoid, or reduce to the fullest, the risk of unintended collision between spacecraft, satellites, and other structures.

   1. For the purpose of resolving emergency situations, member nations are encouraged to share communication channels and contact procedures for civilian spacecraft operating in the same terrestrial orbits.

4. The STAR Administration shall respect the sovereignty of all member states regarding exploration, studying, and missions into outer space.

   1. The STAR Administration shall have zero authority to pass discipline onto nations.